![]() Taxes, fees not included for deals content. Bluegrass Billiards ( 431 Reviews ) 9490 Blue Grass Rd Philadelphia, PA 19114 (215) 904-7312 Claim Your Listing Listing Incorrect CALL DIRECTIONS REVIEWS Chamber Rating 4.6 - (431 reviews) 313 79 25 5 9 About Bluegrass Billiards Bluegrass Billiards is located at 9490 Blue Grass Rd in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19114. Bluegrass Billiards (215) 904-7312Add WebsiteMap & Directions9490 Blue Grass RdPhiladelphia, PA 19114Write a ReviewOrder Online Is this your business Customize this page. Visit Philly and discover sights, activities, restaurants, and events. Find things to do in Philadelphia Find in Philly is the area's best website to find ideas and lists of things to see, things to do, and places to eat. Bluegrass billiards (Night club) is located in Burlington County, New Jersey, United States.Nearby area or landmark is Blue Grass Rd.Address of Bluegrass billiards is Welsh Rd &, Blue Grass Rd, Philadelphia, PA 19114, USA. ![]() If you have any questions or suggestions regarding this matter, you are welcome to contact our customer support team.īusinessYab is not a booking agent, and does not charge any service fees to users of our site.īusinessYab is not responsible for content on external web sites. Details for Bluegrass Billiards in Philadelphia, PA. The brand names, logos, images and texts are the property of these third parties and their respective owners. BusinessYab cannot be held responsible or liable for the accuracy, correctness, usefulness or reliability of the data. The content displayed in the BusinessYab Directory consists of information from third parties, among others from publicly accessible sources, or from customers, who have a presentation page in our directory. Address: 9490 Blue Grass Rd, Philadelphia, PA 19114. © 2023 All Rights reserved.Īt BusinessYab our purpose is to help people find great local businesses like dentists, hair stylists, restaurants, bars, hotels, local businesses. Get reviews, hours, directions, coupons and more for Bluegrass Billiards. Bluegrass Billiards 14 reviews Unclaimed Pool Halls Edit Closed 10:00 AM - 2:00 AM (Next day) See hours See all 16 photos Nightlife Pool Halls Bluegrass Billiards Write a review Add photo Offerings View offerings The tables are in great shape and there's lots of them.
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![]() I think it's understandable to worry about this ruining one of the coolest aspects of the game - the always-available knife - but RE4 Remake does a fantastic job of making the durability feel like a natural evolution of the survival-horror resource management mechanics, rather than something restrictive.Įffectively, the knife has gone from a weapon to an all-purpose tool. There are also several weaker temporary knives that can't be repaired. As you use it, durability drops, and when your knife breaks, it must be repaired at the merchant. Your combat knife now has a durability meter like Resident Evil 2. I was most concerned about the dreaded inclusion of weapon durability. The original Resident Evil 4 was arguably the game that changed the franchise from horror to action-horror, and the same is true of the remake. Most foes are faster, more aggressive, and work together in a way that significantly changes the tone of the game. The main enemy is the Ganado, which are more like monstrous humans than zombies, and they're capable of using weapons and working together. The combat is amped up heavily from the last two remakes. When an enemy is stunned or weakened, you can approach them and hit a button to perform a close-range attack, ranging from a kick to a suplex to repeated stabbings, which does a whole chunk of bonus damage for no cost. Returning from the original Resident Evil 4 is the inclusion of context-sensitive melee attacks. It's a third-person shooter with an emphasis on targeting specific spots on an enemy rather than just dealing damage. The core combat system in RE4 Remake is similar to the original release or the recent Resident Evil remakes. Leon still unleashed a bevy of terrible quips, and everyone who isn't him or Ashley is busy chewing the scenery so hard that you might mistake it for the source of their powers. You also don't need to worry about it being too serious. For the most part, all the pieces end up in the same place, but there's enough new stuff that even though I was seeing the same story as I had seen before, I wasn't bored. ![]() Things that happened in the original might not occur in the remake, or events are changed around to adjust the story flow. You can expect a lot of the same events and occasionally the same dialogue, but everything has been gussied up and revamped. RE4 Remake's plot skews more closely to the original game than Resident Evil 2 or 3 did, but that doesn't mean it is identical. It's up to Leon to rescue Ashley and escape before they become the cult's latest victims. No sooner does he arrive than he finds out that the kidnappers are no ordinary terrorists but are a bizarre cult tied to a parasitic creature called the Plagas. The President's daughter, Ashley, has been kidnapped, and only Leon can rescue her. Unfortunately for him, he's sent on a solo mission to a vaguely defined part of Spain. Leon has become a member of the President's Secret Service. Umbrella has fallen, and zombies are a thing of the past. Set years after the events of Raccoon City, Resident Evil 4 represents a turning point for the franchise and enters a new world. Thankfully, Resident Evil 4 Remake manages to stick the landing and creates a game that, in its own way, is just as good as the original - if not better. A remake doesn't have to be good, but it has to be good enough to justify following in the footsteps of a giant. A classic video game, RE4 is still darn popular and beloved, and it's been re-released for every console under the sun. There are few games that are as tough of an act to follow as Resident Evil 4, though. This year has already had some fantastic remakes that have captured the spirit of the original, like Dead Space. There's a thin line between being slavishly loyal to the original - and changing too much and losing what made the original special. It can be tough to update a classic game. ![]() Innovative usability featuresLarger, accurate, and greatly more intuitive with a wider range of gestures detected for true touch fidelity on touchpads. Hear the PowerASUS SonicMaster features exclusive SonicMaster technology with Waves MaxxAudio 3 for more powerful sound and richer bass through larger speakers and chambers to provide the best audio experience in its class, far outshining the competition. ![]() ![]() Being ultra-light and extra-slim, ASUS VivoBook excels at making getting around easy! Textured metal-treated surfaces, and an ergonomic edge design stand out, matching the dynamic nature of new high-mobility intuitive computing. Enjoy SonicMaster for impactful and richer sound performanceĪSUS VivoBook expands all aspects of customer happiness and Windows 8 experiences on frameless touch panels, making the most of the new operating system.ĪSUS designers gave ASUS VivoBook a distinct look showcasing the flair and fun of Windows 8 while highlighting chic portability. Brushed-hairline aluminum textures offer high durability ![]() Packs touch, SSD speed, and hard drive storage capacity Precision touchscreen for intuitive enjoyment Windows 8 Pro or other editions available Stylish metallic design on a touchscreen Ultrabook™ Instant file synchronization gives you real-time updates for every item on WebStorage, with easy link-based sharing to get you and your family or friends connected via one unified cloud life.The official marketing text of ASUS VivoBook S400CA-MBTS2-H notebook i5-3317U 35.6 cm (14") Intel® Core™ i5 4 GB DDR3-SDRAM 500 GB Hybrid-HDD Windows 8 Black, Silver as supplied by the manufacturer It lets you access all your documents, photos, and music from any device with 32GB storage space for 3 years. For quick delay-free resume from sleep or hibernate, 2-second instant on(up to 14 days standby time) has you back into Windows 8 with seamless spontaneity.Ĭloud-based WebStorageASUS WebStorage does more than store your content. The official marketing text of ASUS VivoBook S400CA-MBTS2-H notebook i5-3317U 14" Intel® Core™ i5 4 GB DDR3-SDRAM 500 GB Hybrid-HDD Windows 8 Black, Silver as supplied by the manufacturer Saving one of the key factors until last, its time to talk about the fanservice. However the other plot line, concerning Mio and how she is gradually losing her powers, is much better and adds a lot more to her character, only cementing her as my firm favourite in the show. On the whole the plot is weaker than its predecessor, with more focus going on one-shot character-centric episodes rather than the overarching story, which only really has a dominant presence in the first and last few episodes. After what seemed like a good closing note in the first season, the reformation of the Strike Witches does come across as a little abrupt. The second season saw production of the show move from Gonzo to AIC Spirits, but this doesn't really affect the art quality of the show other than a more gratuitous use of CGI for the ships (and sometimes the witches mid-flight). It certainly saves the best for last, with the final aerial battle blowing the rest out of the sky! The aerial battles are superb, fast-paced and give an excellent feel of hot-shot pilots on the battlefield. There are a few duds when it comes to the one-shot stories, but all help to build up the relationship between the extensive main cast. Each character have their own distinctive personalities and tend to pair off in the show, but they all play off each other nicely and are more like a family than a fighter unit. However the human characters receive excellent characterisation, if a little unbalanced (this is fixed in the second season however). ![]() Who or what the Neuroi are is never properly explored, and instead the audience is just expected to accept that they're here and they're dangerous. The first season offers a lot of promise, but doesn't quite answer a lot of the series' more interesting questions. The show also makes several references to tactics and machinery used in WW2. Japan is known as Fuso Empire, the United States of America is the United States of Liberion, Germany is Imperial Karlsland, France is Gallia, Great Britain is the Commonwealth of Britannia, Austria is Ostmark, the Soviet Union is the Orussia Empire, modern Italy is split between the Duchies of Romagna and Venezia, Finland is Suomus, Norway and Sweden are Baltland, New Germany (Argentina) is Neue Karlsland in South Liberion, and Spain Hispania. The nations from which the main characters hail are also based on major world powers of the time, but with different names and altered territories. But six months later, Venesia is attacked by an even stronger Neuroi threat and the Witches are called into action once again. ![]() Together the unit battle the Neuroi and eventually liberate Britannia, leading to their disbandment. Along with the Major and Yoshika taking up the rank of Sargent, the rest of the Strike Witches are Wishing to protect people, Yoshika accepts her offer and joins the 501st Joint Fighter Wing, or the Strike Witches. Despite initially refusing her offer, Yoshika receives a letter from her presumed dead father, in which he is seen with a striker unit and a young Mio. When using their magic powers, each girl grows and pair of animal ears and a tail (why exactly is never explained) and fights in aerial combat via the use of a striker unit - plane-like machines which attach to the legs and amplify strength, speed and magic power.Īfter noticing her magical ability, Major Mio Sakamoto offers Yoshika Miyafuji the chance to join the aerial infantry dedicated to battling the Neuroi. Unable to battle the threat of the Neuroi alone, the army employs witches (or magical girls if you'd prefer) to fight for the planet. ![]() Only here the enemies aren't Nazis, instead it is the Neuroi - an alien lifeform which began their widespread invasion of Earth in the year 1939. Strike Witches is set on an alternate Earth during the midst of World War 2. This review will look at both seasons of the anime. Moe girls, magic and fighter planes collide in a battle for the planet against alien lifeforms in Strike Witches! After starting out as a short preview OVA in early 2007, Strike Witches went on to have a 12-episode series in 2008 and then a sequel series in 2010, also comprised of 12-episodes. ![]() If you are returning your product to a store, please have your order number available for reference. 0:00 / 14:33 Intro Fender Mustang LT50 Review A Wild Ride Mr Z's Music Lessons 17.3K subscribers Subscribe 224 15K views 11 months ago fender mustang lt50 In this video I review. John's Music location across Canada, or be sent back directly to our warehouse in Winnipeg. ![]() All three amps seamlessly integrate with the newly updated Fender Tone 3.0 app. John's Music reserves the right to alter the return/refund policy to accommodate customers who are not utilizing the policy in good faith. Also newly introduced is the 50-watt Mustang LT50, which features a single Fender Special Design speaker, simple user interface, full-color display and a collection of presets covering a greatest hits of electric guitar tones. Mustang LT50 incorporates what weve learned over decades of producing the worlds best-sounding guitar amps. If your purchase included a free shipping allowance, that amount will be deducted from the amount being refunded. Products with missing accessories or packaging, as well as products no longer in original condition, can still be exchanged or returned, with replacement costs and/or product devaluation taken into consideration. John's Music's discretion.Īny product exchanged or returned after 30 days will be subject to a restocking charge. but number 6 on this list, and 1 on the amp is 'Fender Clean', but 1 on this list is '60s Fuzz'. Its also a versatile tool for the modern guitarist. ![]() Returns are subject to restocking fees at St. But the Fender Mustang LT50 is more than just a great sounding amp. Once you find the right amp setting, you can add impressive effects such as delay, reverb, and modulation. Simply use the full-color display to select from any one of the 20 amp models to find your perfect tone. Mustang LT50 50w 1-12 Speaker Description Mustang LT50 incorporates what weve learned over decades of producing the worlds best-sounding guitar amps. We’re always looking for good used instruments - cash, trade, or consignment.ĭowntown Sounds is a worker-owned cooperative in downtown Northampton, Massachusetts.Products may be exchanged or returned for a full refund within 30 days of the purchase/shipping date, provided they are in original condition and include all of the original accessories and packaging. The Fender Mustang LT50 is chock full of onboard amp models, effects, and presets. We'll match or beat the price of any of the big retailers!įor questions and more information about pricing, shipping and payment options, click the MESSAGE SELLER tab above and send a message. FENDER MUSTANG LT50 AMP Renowned Fender audio with 50W of power Dial your tone with ease thanks to a huge collection of effects presets Crystal clear and. SPEAKERS: One - 12" Fender® Special Design HANDLE: Molded Plastic Strap with Black Powder Coated Caps It's the only 50-watt amp in its class with such a rich feature set.ĬONTROLS: Gain, Volume, Treble, Bass, Master, Preset Select, Back Button, Save Button, Menu Button, Tap Tempo/Tuner ButtonĬONTROL PANEL: Gain, Volume, Treble, Bass, Master, Preset Select, Back Button, Save Button, Menu Button, Tap Tempo/Tuner ButtonĬHANNELS: One - (with Selectable Amp Voice)ĮFFECTS: 20 Amp Models, Multiple Effects (Stompbox/Delay/Reverb/Modulation), 60 Presets (30 Pre-Loaded, 30 Easily Accessible) Mustang LT50 is a fun, flexible and easy-to-use modeling amp for any guitarist. And with a free Fender TONE 3.0 download, use your desktop Mac or PC to edit, store and manage your presets with ease. Its the only 50-watt amp in its class with such a rich feature set. We check over 250 million products every day for the best prices. Mustang LT50 is a fun, flexible and easy-to-use modeling amp for any guitarist. The versatile signal chain with high-quality onboard amp and effects models produces amazing tones, making it the most inspiring 50-watt amp in its class. Digital amps integrate seamlessly with new Fender Tone 3.0 app, updated with 39 amp types and 73 effect models. It's the only 50-watt amp in its class with such a rich feature set. We don't know when or if this item will be back in stock. Mustang LT50 is a fun, flexible and easy-to-use modeling amp for any guitarist. Both the Boss Katana Mk2 and the Fender Mustang GTX are at the forefront of the modelling amp category, providing guitarists with a wealth of tones and effects that sound phenomenal, all while costing less than half of their tube amp equivalents. It’s ideal for practice or performance, with 50 watts of power, a high quality 12-inch speaker, a super-simple user interface, full-color display, and a collection of presets covering a wide range of music-a “greatest hits” of electric guitar tones. Fender Mustang LT50 Guitar Amplifier & Professional Series Instrument Cable, Straight/Straight, Black, 10ft Visit the Fender Store Currently unavailable. Mustang LT50 incorporates what we’ve learned over decades of producing the world’s best-sounding guitar amps. ![]() On the left side is GDP-the value of all final goods and services produced in the economy. A basic equation of national income accounting that measures the output of an economy-or gross domestic product (GDP)-according to expenditures helps show how this happens: Governments directly and indirectly influence the way resources are used in the economy. Governments influence the economy by changing the level and types of taxes, the extent and composition of spending, and the degree and form of borrowing. Central banks indirectly target activity by influencing the money supply through adjustments to interest rates, bank reserve requirements, and the purchase and sale of government securities and foreign exchange. When policymakers seek to influence the economy, they have two main tools at their disposal- monetary policy and fiscal policy. More recently, countries had scaled back the size and function of government-with markets taking on an enhanced role in the allocation of goods and services-but when the global financial crisis threatened worldwide recession, many countries returned to a more active fiscal policy. With the stock market crash and the Great Depression, policymakers pushed for governments to play a more proactive role in the economy. ![]() Before 1930, an approach of limited government, or laissez-faire, prevailed. ![]() Historically, the prominence of fiscal policy as a policy tool has waxed and waned. In the communiqué following their London summit in April 2009, leaders of the Group of 20 industrial and emerging market countries stated that they were undertaking “unprecedented and concerted fiscal expansion.” What did they mean by fiscal expansion? And, more generally, how can fiscal tools provide a boost to the world economy? The role and objectives of fiscal policy gained prominence during the recent global economic crisis, when governments stepped in to support financial systems, jump-start growth, and mitigate the impact of the crisis on vulnerable groups. Governments typically use fiscal policy to promote strong and sustainable growth and reduce poverty. Governments use spending and taxing powers to promote stable and sustainable growthįiscal policy is the use of government spending and taxation to influence the economy. 5 min (1403 words) Read BACK T O BASICS COMPILATION All of them are ideal for outdoor spaces. There is a wide range of shades, including light grey, anthracite or even ivory. Finally, you can also choose terracotta effect tiles that warm up the atmosphere and give a Mediterranean touch that evokes sun and relaxation. Design tiles are available in large sizes, ideal for spacious terraces, and a wide range of sober and discreet colours. This option brings a touch of elegance and timelessness to your terrace. In the same style, it is also possible to choose modern balcony tiles. Concrete effect terrace tiles create an idyllic setting where modernity easily finds its place in a soothing and serene atmosphere. Then, if you prefer industrial and modern decorations that recall lofts and workshops, you will not resist to the charm of concrete effect tiles. In this case, balcony tiles adorn the floor in a powerful way. Stone effect tiles offer an unmistakable charm that combines with its deep character. The reproduction of natural stone is of high quality and no detail of the natural stone is left out. The comfort of wood is perfect for outdoor spaces, which become real havens of peace.įor atmospheres where elegance and authenticity are required, stone effect tiles can be laid outdoors. Timeless and warm, wood effect tiles are a perfect match for many decorating styles, from ethnic and bohemian chic to more exotic trends. In addition, it is possible to combine your tiles with the interior floor because the outdoor collections have the same aesthetic effects as the interior tiles.įirst of all, balcony tiles perfectly reproduce the characteristics of wood, from the veins to the knots that define its unique identity. The list of aesthetic effects is therefore varied and each collection of tiles for balcony helps to create personalised spaces. Terrace tiles can reproduce a variety of materials, from natural effects such as wood and stone to more contemporary looks. Between the wood, stone or cement effect, outdoor balcony tiles and terrace tiles meet all your decorative preferences and help define the style of your space. This also ensures an aesthetic continuity between spaces. Moreover, the aesthetics of these 2 cm tiles have not been neglected and Novoceram has chosen to reproduce many of the same effects as those of interior tiles. In addition, they have the required level of anti-slip for the exterior. The characteristics of terrace tiles in this range make them resistant to frost and to temperature changes (-50° to 60°). Of course, the traditional method of glue on screed remains possible. directly on gravel, lawn or on pedestal supports to leave space for irrigation pipes or even lighting. ![]() Outdoor Plus tiles can be laid without glue, i.e. ![]() The special feature of these tiles is that they are 2 cm thick, which expands the installation possibilities. Novoceram Outdoor Plus tiles are ideal for exterior areas, from terraces and balconies to roof terraces and low-traffic driveways. This value applies to both private terraces and balconies and those intended for collective use. Thus, U3 is adequate for a simple private balcony or hotel room, while U4 is required for terraces in commercial or residential buildings. This classification, established by the CSTB, recommends choosing outdoor balcony tiles that will resist over time and not deteriorate under the effect of wear and tear and foot traffic. This is defined, in particular, by the UPEC classification whose letter U refers to the trampling according to the intensity of use. This value corresponds to PC20, according to the French standard.Īnother important element in the choice of tiles for terrace is the resistance to wear and tear due to foot traffic. In general, Novoceram recommends choosing a balcony or terrace tile that is classified as at least R11 according to DIN 51130 (with shoes). There are several factors to take into consideration when it comes to the resistance of terrace and balcony tiles to various stresses.įirstly, it is necessary to choose a product with the right level of anti-slip, which is determined by the European standards DIN 51130 – for areas where people walk with shoes – and DIN 51097 – for areas where people walk barefoot. Laying tiles in outdoor spaces, including terraces and balconies, requires compliance with certain conditions. ![]() STIHL KM 131 R KombiSystem Multi-Use Tool. Only suitable for loop handle KombiEngines. MULTI-TASK TOOLS > STIHL KombiSystem HT-KM Shaft Extension Attachment. The HL KM 0° is a great addition to anyones Kombi-Tool collection. Kombi-Tool Curved-Shaft Grass-Trimmer Attachment. Due to the nature of the Kombi-Tool, users can quickly switch between a range of tools including a hedge cutter and grass trimmer or even a leaf blower with great ease. Refilling the spool is quick and easy advancing the line is done by way of a time-saving bump-feed system. Weighing only 1.6kg on its own and 4.8kg in total when attached to the cordless KombiEngine, the HL KM 0° creates an incredibly lightweight yet powerful battery powered hedge trimmer. When powered by the battery powered KMA KombiEngine, the HL KM 0° has all the power of a petrol engine without the noise. Struggling to reach those tall hedges? With a total length of 107CM and a bar length of 50CM it can shape and trim high and wide hedges. When combined with one of the STIHL KombiEngines the HL KM 0° becomes an incredibly powerful hedge cutter. It has a two-year (consumer-use) warranty and has an excellent build quality and easy-to-start motor. STIHL Extension Shaft The Stihl Kombi System is perhaps the most versatile petrol powered multi-tool system on the market and certainly the best quality that your money can buy. It has ample power, doesn’t slow down through even heavy grasses, and works well as a trimmer and makeshift edger. Once you’ve finished the job, simply fold up the tool. How The powerful MultiEngine can be quickly and easily combined with the relevant STIHL MultiTools. Remove moss, aerate your lawn, loosen soil and clear paths or larger areas all with just one tool. Stihl HL-KM 0° – Straight shaft long-reach hedge trimmer The Stihl FS 56 RC-E trimmer definitely gets the job done. The STIHL MultiSystem is the variable specialist for ground-related issues. ![]() ![]() #5 Coil Water Resistant Zipper Single Sided Sliders Please choose from black, white, or nickel plated. This piece is easy to put onto zipper by the yard or can be used to replace a lost or broken slide. Requires specific slider, see water resistant slider. Used for everything from bags and packs to venting and pit zips in outerwear. This unique zipper tape has a vinyl coating that keeps the water out, without having to add a storm flap. It cannot be made into a separating zipper. This is the perfect industrial zipper for marine use. Sold by the yard this very strong continuous Vislon zipper tape can be cut into any length. (Need top stops for shortening, 10¢ each). This is the perfect heavy-duty zipper for bags, tents, or packs. Sold by the yard, this very strong and flexible continuous coil zipper tape can be cut into any length. The 10" length makes it useful for a wide range of projects. These types of high-quality zippers are what one would find in very high end mountaineering gear. These pocket zippers have a special design and a vinyl treatment that make them water resistant and eliminate the need for storm flaps. Please specify coil or vislon.ħ Inch Water Resistant #5 Coil Pocket Zippers Just the right length for a pocket! A common size called out in most patterns. Primarily used for gaiters, these one-way separating zippers are stocked in #5 and #8 in black. One-Way Separating 16" Vislon Gaiter Zippers Long plastic zippers can be shortened to any length. These #10 Vislon zippers have an all plastic construction including the double-pull slider, giving you a zipper that will not corrode in the salt air. Long, two-way separating zippers for sleeping bags, tent vestibules or any application that requires a long separating zipper. Two-Way Separating 110" Sleeping Bag Zipper They are separating so that they can be used as heavy duty jacket zippers. These types of zippers are what one would find in very high end mountaineering and sailing garments. These separating zippers have a special design and a vinyl treatment that make them water resistant and eliminate the need for storm flaps. ![]() One Way Separating Water Resistant #5 Coil Zippers Stocked in 26", 36" and 46" lengths that can be shortened to any size. For people who prefer the very strong and flexible continuous coil zipper. One-Way Separating Zipper #5 Coil (Self Mending) Stocked in 26", 36" and 46" lengths that can be shortened to any size desired. For those heavy-duty applications that require a tougher quality zipper. Two-Way Separating Zippers #8 Vislon (Molded Tooth) Stocked in 26", 36" and 46" lengths that can be shortened to any length One-Way Separating Zipper #5 Vislon (Molded Tooth) Two-way separating zippers in about 13 colors! Stocked in 26", 36" and 46" lengths that can be shortened to any desired length. NFL footage © NFL Productions LLC.Two-Way Separating Zipper #5 Vislon (Molded Tooth) All other NFL-related trademarks are trademarks of the National Football League. NFL and the NFL shield design are registered trademarks of the National Football League.The team names, logos and uniform designs are registered trademarks of the teams indicated. ![]() His laboratory was connected with her apartments by a secret passageway, so that no formulae could be stolen en route. The art of perfumery prospered in Renaissance Italy, and in the 16th century the personal perfumer to Catherine de' Medici (1519–1589), René the Florentine (Renato il fiorentino), took Italian refinements to France. In the east, the Hungarians produced around 1370 a perfume made of scented oils blended in an alcohol solution – best known as Hungary Water – at the behest of Queen Elizabeth of Hungary. Recipes of perfumes from the monks of Santa Maria Delle Vigne or Santa Maria Novella of Florence, Italy, were recorded from 1221. ![]() As a result, Andalusian women used perfumes for courtship. This freedom allowed courtship to occur outside of the home. Andalusian women were also offered greater freedoms than women in other Muslim controlled regions and were allowed to leave their homes and socialize outside. Perfumes added a layer of cleanliness that was needed for their devotion. Like in the ancient world, Andalusians used fragrance in devotion to God. The Islamic controlled cities of Spain ( Al-Andalus) became major producers of perfumes that were traded throughout the Old World. That said, the art of perfumery in Western Europe was reinvigorated after the Islamic invasion of Spain and Southern Italy in 711 and 827. There is a controversy on whether perfumery was completely lost in Western Europe after the fall of the Western Roman Empire. Both the raw ingredients and the distillation technology significantly influenced western perfumery and scientific developments, particularly chemistry. Rose water was more delicate, and immediately became popular. Until his discovery, liquid perfumes consisted of mixtures of oil and crushed herbs or petals, which made a strong blend. The Persian chemist Ibn Sina (also known as Avicenna) introduced the process of extracting oils from flowers by means of distillation, the procedure most commonly used today. described by Synesius in the 4th century ). The book also described 107 methods and recipes for perfume-making and perfume-making equipment, such as the alembic (which still bears its Arabic name. In the 9th century the Arab chemist Al-Kindi (Alkindus) wrote the Book of the Chemistry of Perfume and Distillations, which contained more than a hundred recipes for fragrant oils, salves, aromatic waters, and substitutes or imitations of costly drugs. In May 2018, an ancient perfume "Rodo" (Rose) was recreated for the Greek National Archaeological Museum's anniversary show "Countless Aspects of Beauty", allowing visitors to approach antiquity through their olfaction receptors. In ancient times people used herbs and spices, such as almond, coriander, myrtle, conifer resin, and bergamot, as well as flowers. They were discovered in an ancient perfumery, a 300-square-meter (3,230 sq ft) factory housing at least 60 stills, mixing bowls, funnels, and perfume bottles. The perfumes dated back more than 4,000 years. In 2003, archaeologists uncovered what are believed to be the world's oldest surviving perfumes in Pyrgos, Cyprus. Modern perfumery began in the late 19th century with the commercial synthesis of aroma compounds such as vanillin or coumarin, which allowed for the composition of perfumes with smells previously unattainable solely from natural aromatics.Īncient Egyptian perfume vessel in shape of a monkey 1550-1295 BC faience height: 6.5 cm, width: 3.3 cm, depth: 3.8 cm Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City) The 1939 Nobel Laureate for Chemistry, Leopold Ružička stated in 1945 that "right from the earliest days of scientific chemistry up to the present time, perfumes have substantially contributed to the development of organic chemistry as regards methods, systematic classification, and theory." Īncient texts and archaeological excavations show the use of perfumes in some of the earliest human civilizations. They consist of manmade mixtures of aromatic chemicals and essential oils. Perfumes can be defined as substances that emit and diffuse a pleasant and fragrant odor. Perfume ( UK: / ˈ p ɜː f j uː m/, US: / p ər ˈ f j uː m/ French: parfum) is a mixture of fragrant essential oils or aroma compounds (fragrances), fixatives and solvents, usually in liquid form, used to give the human body, animals, food, objects, and living-spaces an agreeable scent. A bottle of perfume by Yves Saint Laurent |
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